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= 2002 Winter Olympics =

======================================================================

Introduction

======================================================================

The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and

commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 (; Gosiute Shoshoni: 'Tit'-so-pi

2002'; ; Shoshoni: 'Soónkahni 2002'), were an international winter

multi-sport event that was held from February 8 to 24, 2002, in and

around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

Salt Lake City was selected as the host city in June 1995 at the 104th

IOC Session. They were the eighth Olympics to be hosted by the United

States, and the most recent to be held in the country until 2028, when

Los Angeles hosts the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad. The 2002 Winter

Olympics and Paralympics were both organized by the Salt Lake

Organizing Committee (SLOC), the first time that both events were

organized by a single committee, and inspiring other Olympic and

Paralympic Games to be organized by such since then. These were the

first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

presidency of Jacques Rogge.

The Games featured 2,399 athletes from 78 nations, participating in 78

events in 15 disciplines. Norway topped the medal table, with 13 gold

and 25 medals overall, while Germany finished with the most total

medals, winning 36 (with 12 of them gold). The hosting United States

was third by gold medals and second by overall medals, with 10 and 34

respectively. Australia notably became the first Southern Hemisphere

country to ever win gold medals at the Winter Olympics.

The Games finished with a budgetary surplus of US$40 million; the

surplus was used to fund the formation of the Utah Athletic

Foundation--which has continued to maintain the facilities built for

these Olympics. The venues have continued to be used for national and

international winter sports events after the Olympics, leading to the

Winter Olympics return to Salt Lake City for the 2034 games, 32 years

after the city played host in 2002.

Host city selection

======================================================================

Salt Lake City was chosen over Québec City, Canada; Sion, Switzerland;

and Östersund, Sweden, on June 16, 1995, at the 104th IOC Session in

Budapest, Hungary. Salt Lake City had previously come in second during

the bids for the 1998 Winter Olympics, awarded to Nagano, Japan, and

had offered to be the provisional host of the 1976 Winter Olympics

when the original host, Denver, Colorado, withdrew. The 1976 Winter

Olympics were ultimately awarded to Innsbruck, Austria.

There was a scandal involving allegations of bribery used to win the

rights to the Games. Prior to its successful bid, Salt Lake City had

attempted four times to secure the games, failing each time. In 1998,

members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) were accused of

taking gifts from the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) during the

bidding process. The allegations resulted in the expulsion of several

IOC members and the adoption of new IOC rules. Although nothing

strictly illegal had been done, it was felt that the acceptance of the

gifts was morally dubious. In addition, legal charges were brought

against the leaders of Salt Lake's bid committee by the United States

Department of Justice. Investigations were also launched into prior

bidding process by other cities, finding that members of the IOC

received bribes during the bidding process for both the 1998 Winter

Olympics and 2000 Summer Olympics. In response to the scandal, Mitt

Romney was hired as the new president and CEO of the Salt Lake

Organizing Committee in February 1999.

2002 Winter Olympics bidding result

|**Round 1**

City Country

||Salt Lake City |||| align=center|**54**

Östersund align=center|14

Sion align=center|14

Quebec City align=center|7

Budget

========

In February 1999, in response to the bid scandal and a financial

shortfall for the Games, Mitt Romney, then CEO of the private equity

firm Bain Capital (and future U.S. presidential candidate, U.S.

Senator, and Governor of Massachusetts), was hired as the new

president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee. Romney, Kem

C. Gardner, a Utah commercial real estate developer, and Don Stirling,

the Olympics' local marketing chief, raised "millions of dollars from

Mormon families with pioneer roots: the Eccles family, whose forebears

were important industrialists and bankers" to help rescue the Games,

according to a later report. An additional US$410 million was received

from the federal government. U.S. federal subsidies amounted to $1.3

billion (for infrastructure improvements only), compared to $45

billion of federal funding received by the organizing committee of the

2014 Winter Olympics from the Russian government. The Games were

financially successful, raising more money with fewer sponsors than

any prior Olympic Games, which left SLOC with a surplus of $40

million. The surplus was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation,

which maintains and operates many of the remaining Olympic venues.

'The Oxford Olympics Study' established the outturn cost of the Salt

Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics at US$2.5 billion in 2015-dollars and

cost overrun at 24% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs

only, that is, (i) 'operational costs' incurred by the organizing

committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology,

transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering,

ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) 'direct capital costs'

incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build,

e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international

broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to

host the Games. Indirect capital costs are 'not' included, such as for

road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other

business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not

directly related to staging the Games. The cost and cost overrun for

Salt Lake City 2002 compares with costs of US$2.5 billion and a cost

overrun of 13% for Vancouver 2010, and costs of US$51 billion and a

cost overrun of 289% for Sochi 2014, the latter being the most costly

Olympics to date. The average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is

US$3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%.

Security

==========

The 2002 Winter Games were the first Olympic Games to take place since

the September 11 attacks, which meant a higher level of security than

ever before provided for the games. As a result, the Office of

Homeland Security (OHS) designated the Olympics a National Special

Security Event (NSSE). Aerial surveillance and radar control was

provided by the U.S. Marines of Marine Air Control Squadron 2,

Detachment C, from Cherry Point, North Carolina. The FBI and NSA

arranged with Qwest Communications to use intercept equipment for a

period of less than six months around the time of the 2002 Winter

Olympics.

Transportation

================

The largest public transport project completed for the Games was the

TRAX light rail system, which first began operations ahead of the

Games in 1999.

To help reduce vehicle traffic to Soldier Hollow, and to provide a

tourist attraction for attendees, Heber Valley Railroad offered

service to Wasatch Mountain State Park on steam locomotives during the

Games. After arriving, passengers then embarked to Soldier Hollow on

horse-drawn sleighs.

Venues

========

Work on venues for the 2002 Winter Olympics began as early as 1989,

following the passing of a state referendum that authorized the use of

taxpayer money to publicly fund the construction of new facilities for

a Winter Olympics bid in 1998 or 2002. Their construction was overseen

by the Salt Lake Olympic Bid Committee and the Utah Sports

Authority--a body created under the referendum.

New facilities built for the Games included the Utah Olympic Oval in

Kearns, Utah Olympic Park in Summit County, The Ice Sheet at Ogden,

and Soldier Hollow at the Wasatch Mountain State Park--the furthest

competition venue from Salt Lake City. The E Center in West Valley

City and the Peaks Ice Arena in Provo were also built with support

from the SLOC, and co-hosted hockey.

Delta Center hosted figure skating and short track speed skating; it

was renamed 'Salt Lake Ice Center' for the duration of the Games due

to IOC sponsorship rules. Rice-Eccles Stadium at the University of

Utah hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The Olympic Village

was built at historic Fort Douglas, whose land had been acquired by

the University of Utah to construct new residences. The SLOC provided

funding to the project in exchange for its use during the Olympics.

Main Street in Park City was converted into a pedestrian plaza during

the Games, with festivities such as concerts, firework shows, and

sponsor presences. Medal presentations took place in downtown Salt

Lake City; the stage for the ceremony featured the Hoberman Arch, an

arch-shaped metal "curtain" designed by Chuck Hoberman.

Venue Events Gross capacity Ref.

Deer Valley Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics 13,400

[[E Center Ice hockey 10,500

Park City Mountain Resort Alpine skiing (giant slalom),

snowboarding 16,000

Peaks Ice Arena Ice hockey 8,400

Salt Lake Ice Center Figure skating, short track speed skating

17,500

Snowbasin Alpine skiing (combined, downhill, super-G) 22,500

Soldier Hollow Biathlon, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined

(cross-country skiing portion) 15,200

The Ice Sheet at Ogden Curling 2,000

Utah Olympic Oval Speed skating 5,236

Utah Olympic Park (bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track)

Bobsleigh, luge, skeleton, Nordic combined (ski jumping portion), ski

jumping 18,100 (ski jumping) 15,000 (sliding track)

2002 Cultural Olympiad

========================

The 2002 Cultural Olympiad, which ran from January to March 2002, was

an arts festival that accompanied the 2002 Winter Olympics. It

included specially commissioned works, such as Alvin Ailey American

Dance Theater's work 'Here...Now' inspired by the life of Olympian

Florence Griffith Joyner, accompanied by music by Wynton Marsalis. An

art exhibition was held at Springville Museum of Art that celebrated

150 years of Utah's art history. The programme also featured many

other performances, including dance, theatre, singing, and literature,

as well as the glass art of Dale Chihuly.

Olympic Music

===============

Call of the Champions is a cantata-fanfare for orchestra and choir

composed by John Williams for the 2002 Winter Olympics. Premiering at

the Opening Ceremony on February 8, 2002, it began with the call by

the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square of "Citius! Altius! Fortius!"

(Faster, Higher, Stronger), which is the Olympic Motto chosen by the

founder of the modern Games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Williams added

another Latin word as well: "Clarius," meaning "clearer."

Torch relay

=============

The torch relay ceremonially began on November 19, 2001, with the

traditional kindling of an Olympic flame in Olympia, Greece. On

December 3, Greek skier Thanassis Tsailas lit the first torch from the

cauldron, and transferred its flame to a ceremonial lantern for

transport to Atlanta, where it arrived on December 4 to officially

launch the U.S. leg of the relay. The route of the relay covered 13500

mi, passed through 300 communities and 46 U.S. states, and was carried

by 12,012 torchbearers.

The torch was modeled after an icicle, with a slight curve to

represent speed and fluidity. The torch measures 33 in long, 3 in wide

at the top, 0.5 in at the bottom, and was designed by Axiom Design of

Salt Lake City. It was created with three sections, each with its own

meaning and representation.

Branding & Emblem

===================

The overall branding of the 2002 Winter Olympics, the "Look of the

Games" design was named "Land of Contrast -- Fire and Ice", which

featured a palette of warm and cool colors to contrast the warmer,

rugged, red-rock areas of Southern Utah from the colder, mountainous

regions of Northern Utah.

The three main color palettes were: 'Amber Gold', 'Sunset Orange'

and 'Mountain Shadow Blue': With accented hue variations of the

palette.

* 'sandstone'

* 'amber'

* 'wildfire'

* 'redrock'

* 'azure lapis'

* 'decorative blue'

* 'dark turquoise'

* 'lake'

The emblem was named "Crystal Rhythm". It featured a six pointed snow

crystal, again with the three main colors representing Utahs southern

deserts and its high snowy mountain ranges. Designed to resemble an

Olympic cauldron, a flame, as well as a sun rising from behind

mountains. The orange center section of the flame was intended to

reflect traditional Navajo weaving. The emblem logo was designed by

Landor Associates and unveiled in August 1997.

The official event pictograms were inspired by branding irons, and the

line thickness and 30-degree angles mirrored those of the emblem.

Mascots

=========

The designs of the mascots of the 2002 Winter Olympics were unveiled

on May 19, 1999, during an event marking 1,000 days until the opening

ceremony. The mascots represent three animals native to the western

United States -- a snowshoe hare, coyote, and American black bear

respectively, with each mascot symbolizing a character from the

legends of local Native Americans, and wearing a charm around their

neck with an original Anasazi or Fremont-style petroglyph. For the

first time in Olympic history, the names of the mascots were

determined by a public vote, using name suggestions submitted by local

students; on September 25, the names of the mascots were officially

announced as Powder, Copper, and Coal respectively.

Participating National Olympic Committees

======================================================================

A total of 78 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the

Games. Five NOCs made their Winter Olympic debut in Salt Lake,

including Cameroon, Hong Kong, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand. Costa

Rica and Lebanon returned to the Winter games after a 10-year absence,

and Fiji, Mexico and San Marino returned after 8 years. Four

countries, Luxembourg, North Korea, Portugal and Uruguay which were at

the 1998 Games, did not participate in 2002.

Participating National Olympic Committees

* **(host)**

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * *

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

==================================================

2,399 athletes from 78 NOCs

IOC Letter Code Country Athletes

USA 202

GER 157

RUS 151

CAN 150

FRA 114

ITA 112

SUI 110

JPN 103

SWE 102

FIN 98

AUT 90

NOR 77

CZE 76

UKR 68

CHN 66

BLR 64

KAZ 50

GBR 49

SVK 49

KOR 48

LAT 47

SLO 40

AUS 27

NED 27

POL 27

HUN 25

BUL 23

ROU 21

EST 17

CRO 14

ARG 11

DEN 11

BRA 10

GRE 10

NZL 10

ARM 9

LIE 8

LTU 8

ISV 8

ESP 7

BEL 6

CHI 6

ISL 6

IRL 6

TPE 6

UZB 6

YUG 6

ISR 5

MDA 5

MON 5

AZE 4

GEO 4

MGL 4

VEN 4

AND 3

MEX 3

TUR 3

BIH 2

HKG 2

IRI 2

JAM 2

KGZ 2

LIB 2

MKD 2

PUR 2

TRI 2

BER 1

CMR 1

CRC 1

CYP 1

FIJ 1

IND 1

KEN 1

NEP 1

SMR 1

RSA 1

TJK 1

THA 1

Calendar

======================================================================

In the following calendar for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, each blue

box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on

that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding

finals for a sport are held. The number in each box represents the

number of finals that were contested on that day.

:'All dates are in Mountain Standard Time (UTC−7)'

|**OC**||Opening ceremony

|**1**||Event finals

|**EG**||Exhibition gala

|**CC**||Closing ceremony

|● Event competitions

colspan=2|February 8th Fri 9th Sat 10th Sun 11th Mon 12th Tue 13th

Wed 14th Thu 15th Fri 16th Sat 17th Sun 18th Mon 19th Tue 20th Wed

21st Thu 22nd Fri 23rd Sat 24th Sun !Events

| colspan=2|link= Ceremonies ||**OC**|| || || || || || || || || || ||

|| || || || ||**CC**

| bgcolor=#ffcc00|****

| bgcolor=#ffdead text-align:center"|**EG**

| bgcolor=#ffcc00|****

link= Alpine skiing | 10 link= Biathlon | 8 link=

Bobsleigh | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 3

link= Cross country skiing | 12 link= Curling |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 2 link= Figure skating | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 4 |20px|alt= |4 link= Ice hockey

| bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 2 link= Luge |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 3 link= Nordic

combined | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 3 link= Short track speed skating |

8 link= Skeleton | 2 link= Ski jumping |

bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 3 link=

Snowboarding | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 4 link= Speed skating

| bgcolor=#3399ff|● | bgcolor=#3399ff|● | 10

!colspan=2| Total events !! !!4 !!5 !! 5 !! 5 !!6 !! 4 !!4 !! 6 !!

5!! 4 !! 5 !!7 !!5 !! 4 !! 7 !!2 !! 78

!colspan=2|Cumulative total!! !!4 !! 9 !! 14 !!19 !!25 !! 29 !!33 !!

39 !!44 !! 48 !!53 !!60 !!65 !!69 !!76 !!78 !!

colspan=2|February 8th Fri 9th Sat 10th Sun 11th Mon 12th Tue 13th

Wed 14th Thu 15th Fri 16th Sat 17th Sun 18th Mon 19th Tue 20th Wed

21st Thu 22nd Fri 23rd Sat 24th Sun !Events

Opening ceremony

==================

The opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at

Rice-Eccles Stadium at the University of Utah on February 8, 2002. The

facility was renovated and expanded for the Games. The Games were

officially opened by President George W. Bush, who was standing among

the US athletes (previous heads of state opened the Games from an

official box), while the Olympic cauldron was lit by members of the

gold medal-winning U.S. men's ice hockey team from the 1980 Winter

Olympics in Lake Placid, New York (as made famous by the "Miracle on

Ice").

In an acknowledgment of the September 11 attacks, the ceremony opened

with the entrance of a damaged American flag recovered from the

wreckage of the World Trade Center, carried by an honor guard of

police officers from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,

the New York City Police Department, and firefighters from the New

York City Fire Department, joined by athletes nominated by fellow

members of the U.S. team. The flag was presented during the playing of

the U.S. national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", as performed by

the Tabernacle Choir.

Jacques Rogge, presiding over his first Olympics as the IOC president,

told the athletes of the United States:

The Olympic cauldron was designed to look like an icicle and was made

of glass, allowing the fire to be seen burning within, reflecting the

Games' slogan "Light the Fire Within" and an overarching "fire and

ice" theme. The actual glass cauldron stands atop a twisting glass and

steel support, is 12 ft high, and the flame within burns at 900 F.

Together with its support, the cauldron stands 117 ft tall and was

made of 738 individual pieces of glass. Small jets send water down the

glass sides of the cauldron to keep the glass and metal cooled (so

they would not crack or melt) and give the effect of melting ice. The

cauldron was designed by WET Design of Los Angeles, its frame built by

roller coaster manufacturer Arrow Dynamics of Clearfield, Utah, and

its glass pieces created by Western Glass of Ogden, Utah. The

cauldron's cost was $2 million, and it was unveiled to the public when

originally installed at Rice-Eccles Stadium on January 8, 2002.

Production for the opening and closing ceremonies was designed by

Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark

Watters.

Closing ceremonies

====================

The closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics was held on February

24, 2002, at Rice-Eccles Stadium. It was narrated by Utah natives

Donny and Marie Osmond (who voiced animatronic dinosaur skeletons

designed by Michael Curry), and featured performances by a number of

musicians and bands, including Bon Jovi, Christina Aguilera, Creed,

Dianne Reeves, Donny and Marie Osmond, Earth, Wind & Fire, Gloria

Estefan, Harry Connick Jr., Kiss, Moby and Angie Stone, NSYNC, R.

Kelly, Sting, Willie Nelson, and Yo Yo Ma. It also featured

appearances by figure skaters such as Kurt Browning, Dorothy Hamill,

and Ilia Kulick, as well as dancer Savion Glover.

Departing from Juan Antonio Samaranch's tradition of declaring each

Olympics the "best ever", IOC president Jacques Rogge began a

tradition of assigning each Games their own identity in his comments,

describing the 2002 Winter Olympics as having been "flawless".

Italian singers Irene Grandi and Elisa performed during the cultural

presentation by Turin, host city of the 2006 Winter Olympics, while

Josh Groban and Charlotte Church performed a duet of "The Prayer" as

the Olympic cauldron was extinguished.

Sports

========

Confirmed in 1997, this edition's sports program featured seven sports

divided into 15 disciplines, totaling 78 events, an increase of 10

events over the 1998 Winter Olympics. Skeleton made its return to the

Winter Olympic program for the first time since 1948, while a women's

doubles event was contested for the first time in bobsleigh. A fourth

distance was introduced in short track speed skating for men and

women, and the pursuit events were added to biathlon and cross-country

skiing. The sprint event was also added to the Nordic combined

program.

# Biathlon

# Bobsleigh

# Curling

# Ice hockey

# Luge

# Skating

# Skiing

'Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested

in each separate discipline.'

Athletic Achievements

=======================

Several medal records were set or tied, including:

* Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most

gold medals at a Winter Olympics, with 13.

* Germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics,

with 36.

* The United States set a record for most gold medals at a home Winter

Olympics, with 10, tying Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

* Competition highlights included biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen of

Norway, winning gold in all four men's events (10 km, 12.5 km, 20 km,

4 x 7.5 km relay), Nordic combined athlete Samppa Lajunen of Finland

winning three gold medals, Simon Ammann of Switzerland taking the

double in ski jumping. In alpine skiing, Janica Kostelić won three

golds and a silver (the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an

athlete from Croatia), while Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway earned his

second and third career golds, setting up both athletes to beat the

sport's record with their fourth golds earned at the next Winter

Olympics near Turin (Aamodt also set the overall medal record in the

sport with eight).

* Team GB's victory in Women's Curling saw them win their first gold

medal in any Winter Olympic sport since Torvill and Dean in 1984.

* Ireland reached its best-ever position and came close to winning its

first winter medal when Clifton Wrottesley (Clifton Hugh Lancelot de

Verdon Wrottesley, 6th Baron Wrottesley) finished fourth in the men's

skeleton event.

* A feature of these Games was the emergence of extreme sports, such

as snowboarding, moguls, and aerials, some of which appeared in

previous Olympic Winter Games but subsequently captured greater public

attention.

* The United States completed a sweep of the podium in halfpipe

snowboarding, with Americans Ross Powers, Danny Kass, and Jarret

Thomas all winning medals.

* American Sarah Hughes won the gold medal in ladies' singles figure

skating. Her team-mate Michelle Kwan fell during her long program and

received the bronze medal.

* China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by

women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).

* In the men's 1000m competition in short-track speed skating,

Australian Steven Bradbury (who had won a bronze in 1994 as part of a

relay team) became both the first-ever Australian, and the first-ever

athlete from a country in the Southern Hemisphere, to win a gold medal

at the Winter Olympics. Despite being off their pace, Bradbury

benefitted from crashes involving his opponents in both the

semi-finals and finals, with the latter occurring coming out of the

final turn. A few days later in women's aerials, Australian skier

Alisa Camplin won Australia's second gold medal. After the Games, the

phrase "doing a Bradbury" would become a local idiom for an unexpected

victory in a sporting event at the expense of one's opponents, and was

added to the second edition of 'The Australian National Dictionary' in

2016.

* Belarus's Vladimir Kopat scored a game winning goal from center ice

against Sweden in the men's ice hockey quarterfinals, getting Belarus

to their best place in international hockey so far.

* The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the United States team

5-2 to claim the gold medal, ending a 50-year drought without hockey

gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3-2

after losing to them in Nagano. In a post-game press conference after

the men's gold medal game, Team Canada's executive director Wayne

Gretzky revealed that a Canadian $1 coin (colloquially known as a

"Loonie") had been secretly placed at center ice by one of the ice

technicians. The "lucky Loonie" subsequently became a notable symbol

of Canada's victory in the tournament.

Medal table

=============

At the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, the "medal plaza" was

popularized as a way for the public to see presentations that would

have otherwise taken place at far-flung, low-capacity or high-altitude

venues and to have an evening program that often included musical

performances.

Podium sweeps

===============

!Date !Sport !Event !NOC !Gold !Silver !Bronze

|Jarret Thomas

Niedernhuber |Silke Kraushaar

Broadcasting rights

======================================================================

International Sports Broadcasting (ISB) served as the host broadcaster

for the 2002 Winter Olympics; the Salt Palace convention center served

as the International Broadcast Centre and press center for the Games.

The IOC estimated that the 2002 Winter Olympics were viewed by over

two billion people worldwide, with 13 billion viewer-hours watched.

In the United States, the 2002 Winter Olympics were broadcast by NBC

Universal networks. They were the first Winter Olympics under a

multi-year rights agreement between NBC and the IOC, under which it

would hold exclusive rights to all Olympic Games from 1996 through

2008. The contract had excluded the 1998 Winter Olympics, as CBS

Sports had an existing deal to exclusively televise the Winter

Olympics from 1992 through 1998.

NBC partnered with HDNet to produce an eight-hour block of daily

coverage in high definition, which was carried by HDNet and on the

digital signals of participating NBC affiliates. Despite being held in

a time zone only one hour ahead of Pacific Time, NBC still tape

delayed much of its coverage for the west coast, although Salt Lake

City's local NBC affiliate KSL-TV was given permission to air the

live, east coast broadcasts to ensure their availability in the Games'

host city.

Coverage of the Games by the Seven Network in Australia featured 'The

Ice Dream', a miniseries presented by comedy duo Roy and HG as a

follow-up to 'The Dream'--their series for the 2000 Summer Olympics.

The series featured a running gag of the duo proposing an Australian

bid to hold the 2010 Winter Olympics in the resort town of Smiggin

Holes, New South Wales.

Ski industry and winter sport

===============================

The 2002 Winter Olympics brought a huge amount of success to the Utah

skiing industry. Since hosting the Winter Games, Utah has seen a 42%

increase in skier and snowboarder visits -11. This increase resulted

in direct expenditures from skiers and snowboarders growing 67% from

$704 million in 2002-2003 to $1.2 billion in 2010-2011.

Fourteen venues were constructed or expanded in preparation for the

Winter Games. One of the venues constructed for the Games was the Utah

Olympic Park, which has proven to be one of the most successful venues

to date because it has been maintained in top competition form. Owing

to the routine maintenance of the park, Utah has been able to host a

large number of winter competitions since 2002, including more than 60

World Cup events (e.g. the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup), as well as

seven world championships, and various other sporting events. Hosting

these high-profile competitions has resulted in approximately $1

billion being injected into the local economy. During 2013-2014, Utah

held 16 various winter sport events, bringing $27.3 million to the

economy of Utah. After holding the Olympics, Utah became home to two

National Governing Bodies of Sport. The U.S. Ski and Snowboard

Association is headquartered in Park City, Utah and the U.S. Olympic

speed skating team is based out of the Utah Olympic Oval.

University of Utah expansion

==============================

The University of Utah was one of the hosts of the 2002 Winter

Olympics; the planning committee approached the University of Utah and

asked them to build several student dormitories which would serve as

athletes' accommodation during the Games. It was agreed that the

university would pay approximately $98 million out of the total

required amount of $110 million to complete the construction. As a

result, students of the university have benefited as almost 3,500 of

them would be housed here after the Games. This was a great economic

benefit to the university since the amount of money used to complete

such dormitories could take long to be afforded. The university was

also asked to expand Rice Eccles Stadium to accommodate 50,000 people

up from 32,000. The university would then be refunded almost $59

million and be given an extra $40 million for its maintenance.

The 2002 Olympic Games also benefited the university economically

since the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park was elevated by the

renovations that took place. Ice rinks were very scarce in Utah, but

they became plentiful and offered several entertainment and training

opportunities for hockey players and figure skaters due to the Olympic

Games. The Cauldron Park located at the University of Utah which was

built with $6.5 million in profits and had the following features: a

visitors' center which had a theater that showed a thrilling movie

about the Olympic Games of 2002 and a "park" which had a dazzling pool

and a V-shaped stone wall with the names of all the medalists of the

2002 Olympic Games. Besides, the park had 17 plates that hung on the

stadium's fence celebrating the highlights of each day of the

Olympics. All these features acted as tourist attraction that boosted

the economic development of the university. In addition, it is

indicated that the approximate value of media exposure through print

during the Games was equated to $22.9 million. Mainly, this was a huge

economic benefit to the university as more and more people got to know

about the educational establishment, and this also boosted enrollment

and future development.

Immigration

=============

Holger Preuss in his book 'The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A

Comparison of the Games 1972-2008' argues that "The export of the

'Olympic Games' service results in an inflow of funds to the host

city, causing additional production which, in its turn, leads to

employment and income effects." According to the study "2002 Olympic

Winter Games, Economic, Demographic and Fiscal Impacts", the estimated

creation of new job years of employment was 35,424, and additional

earnings of $1,544,203,000. It was noted that the increase of Olympic

related job started in 1996 and continued until 2003. These effects

can be estimated on the ground of historical relationship between job

and corresponding population growth. A lot of people migrated into the

future place of the Olympic Games for expanding and favorable

employment opportunities that the Olympics ensured. Although residents

occupied many of the higher paying jobs created by the Games, many of

the vacated jobs were filled by immigrants who relocated for the

better employment opportunities.

Basically, the immigration rate was even larger because the employees

immigrated with their families. The additional people paid diverse

taxes and fees from their income, creating additional revenue on the

state and local levels.

Employment

============

Olympic related jobs in Utah started in 1996 with slight job

opportunities of less than 100. However, from the job measurement

conducted from 1996 to 2002, steady attainment of job opportunities

established and a maximum level was noted in 2001 where there were

12,500 job opportunities attained yearly, and approximately 25,070

jobs created in 2002. Therefore, from 1996 to 2002 the sum of

employment equated to 35,000 jobs which lasted a year. February 2002

is when the highest employment opportunities were created compared to

other years. There were around 25,070 job opportunities created

compared to 35,000 created from 1996 to 2001.

It is difficult to quantify the impact of the 2002 Olympics on the

unemployment rates in Utah, due mostly to the effect of the early

2000s recession. In 1996, the unemployment rate in Utah was

approximately 3.4%, while the U.S. national average was 5.4% and by

the end of 2001, the unemployment rate in Utah was around 4.8%, while

the national average had risen to 5.7%. There was a high percentage of

visitors to the Games, which raised the number of tourists whose

consumption and demand prompted the establishment of job opportunities

to meet the demands.

2034 Winter Olympics

======================

In 2017, an exploratory committee was formed to consider a Salt Lake

City bid for a future Winter Olympics. In December 2018, the United

States Olympic Committee (USOC, now the United States Olympic &

Paralympic Committee [USOPC]) named Salt Lake City as its preferred

candidate to bid for a future Winter Olympics, citing that its

experience and existing venues could be leveraged. In February 2022,

amid the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 20th anniversary of the Games in

Salt Lake City, the USOPC stated that it was "already in dialogue with

the IOC, not yet for a specific year but as part of their evolving

process", and acknowledged that there was "very high excitement and

support from the local population."

In November 2023, the IOC's Future Host Commission recommended that

Salt Lake City-Utah be invited to engage in "targeted dialogue" with

the IOC Executive Board as preferred host for the 2034 Winter

Olympics; the Future Host Commission cited the bid's reliance on

private funding, as well as plans to reuse much of the infrastructure

that was originally built for the 2002 Games.

On July 24, 2024, during the 142nd IOC Session in Paris just before

the 2024 Summer Olympics in that city, Salt Lake City-Utah was

selected to host the 2034 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. IOC

President Thomas Bach said: "Salt Lake City and Utah are long-time

friends of the Olympic Movement, and we are confident that they will

organize exceptional Olympic and Paralympic Games, just as they did

years ago. The legacy of 2002 is tangibly and passionately alive in

Utah. The legacy of 2034 starts today." With the 2034 Winter Olympics,

Salt Lake City will become the fourth city to host multiple Winter

Games after Innsbruck (1964 and 1976), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980),

and Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956 and 2026).

Disqualifications for doping

==============================

The 2002 Winter Olympics were the first Winter Olympics held after the

formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency, resulting in the first

instances of athletes being disqualified for failing drug testing.

Athletes in cross-country skiing were disqualified for various

reasons, including doping by two Russians and one Spaniard, leading

Russia to file protests and threaten to withdraw from the competition.

Pairs figure skating judging controversy

==========================================

A major scandal emerged during the pairs figure skating competition;

the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier narrowly lost to

the Russian pair of Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, despite

the Canadians being deemed the favorites to win after their free skate

program. The French judge Marie-Reine Le Gougne alleged that the head

of the French Federation of Ice Sports, Didier Gailhaguet, had

pressured her to judge the competition in favor of Russia regardless

of performance. Amid criticisms of the incident by both Canadian and

American media outlets, and suspicions that this was part of a vote

swapping scheme with Russia to benefit the French ice dance team, the

International Skating Union (ISU) voted to suspend Le Gougne for

failing to immediately inform officials of Gailhaguet's actions. They

also recommended to the IOC that the gold medal be jointly awarded to

both pairs. An IOC panel voted in favor of the motion, resulting in

both Salé and Pelletier, as well as Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze, being

jointly awarded gold medals.

Disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung

===================================

In the final race A, with one lap remaining and currently in second

place, Apolo Ohno of the United States attempted to make a pass on the

leader Kim Dong-Sung of South Korea, who then drifted to the inside

and as a result, Ohno raised his arms to imply he was blocked. Kim

finished first ahead of Ohno, but the Australian referee James Hewish

disqualified Kim for what appeared to be impeding, awarding the gold

medal to Ohno.

The South Korean team immediately protested the decision of the chief

official of the race, but their protests were denied by the

International Skating Union (ISU). The South Korean team then appealed

to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Court of

Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The IOC refused to see the case, stating,

"This is a matter for the ISU to decide on. At this time, the IOC has

received no proposal and taken no action".

The disqualification of Kim upset South Korean supporters, many of

whom directed their anger at Ohno and the IOC. A large number of

e-mails protesting the race results crashed the IOC's email server,

and thousands of accusatory letters, many of which contained death

threats, were sent to Ohno and the IOC. South Korean media accused

Ohno of simulating foul, using the Konglish word "Hollywood action".

The controversy continued at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, held jointly in

South Korea and Japan several months after the Olympics. When the

South Korean soccer team scored a goal during the group stage match

against the U.S. team, South Korean players Ahn Jung-Hwan and Lee

Chun-Soo made an exaggerated move imitating the move Ohno had made

during the speed skating event to imply the other athlete had drifted

into his lane.

See also

======================================================================

* 2007 Winter Deaflympics

* :Category:Competitors at the 2002 Winter Olympics

External links

======================================================================

* [http://www.saltlake2002legacy.com/ Official Salt Lake 2002 Legacy

website] and

[https://web.archive.org/web/19990427103510/http://www.slc2002.org/home.html

archive of website] on the Wayback Machine

* [http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2FUSHS_Olyleg

Olympic Legacy image archives] - Utah State Historical Society

[https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215737/http://www.engenmuseum.org/2002exhibits

2002 Olympic Winter Games Museum] in Park City, Utah

[https://web.archive.org/web/20080131182045/http://www.stadium.utah.edu/venue_facts/cauldron.html

2002 Olympic Cauldron Park] in Salt Lake City.

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